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In software systems, encapsulation refers to the bundling of data with the mechanisms or methods that operate on the data. It may also refer to the limiting of direct access to some of that data, such as an object's components. [1] Essentially, encapsulation prevents external code from being concerned with the internal workings of an object.
Encapsulation also protects the integrity of the component, by preventing users from setting the internal data of the component into an invalid or inconsistent state. Another benefit of encapsulation is that it reduces system complexity and thus increases robustness, by limiting the interdependencies between software components.
Data encapsulation, also known as data hiding, is the mechanism whereby the implementation details of a class are kept hidden from the user. The user can only perform a restricted set of operations on the hidden members of the class by executing special functions commonly called methods to prevent attributes of objects from being easily viewed and accessed.
Keeping data hidden helps prevent problems when changing the code later. [49] Some programming languages, like Java, control information hiding by marking variables as private (hidden) or public (accessible). [50] Other languages, like Python, rely on naming conventions, such as starting a private method's name with an underscore.
Encapsulation (networking), the process of adding control information as it passes through the layered model Encapsulation (computer programming) , the combination of program code and data, and/or restriction (hide) of access to data except through dedicated code
Key Wrap may be considered as a form of key encapsulation algorithm, although it should not be confused with the more commonly known asymmetric (public-key) key encapsulation algorithms (e.g., PSEC-KEM). Key Wrap algorithms can be used in a similar application: to securely transport a session key by encrypting it under a long-term encryption key.
A key encapsulation mechanism, to securely transport a secret key from a sender to a receiver, consists of three algorithms: Gen, Encap, and Decap. Circles shaded blue—the receiver's public key and the encapsulation —can be safely revealed to an adversary, while boxes shaded red—the receiver's private key and the encapsulated secret key —must be kept secret.
Another way of stating this is that "inheritance breaks encapsulation". [20] The problem surfaces clearly in open object-oriented systems such as frameworks, where client code is expected to inherit from system-supplied classes and then substituted for the system's classes in its algorithms. [6]