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Vacuolar interface dermatitis (VAC, also known as liquefaction degeneration, vacuolar alteration or hydropic degeneration) is a dermatitis with vacuolization at the dermoepidermal junction, with lymphocytic inflammation at the epidermis and dermis.
Eosinophilic remnants of anucleate apoptotic basal cells may also be found in the dermis and are referred to as “colloid or civatte bodies”. Whickham striae are usually seen in the areas of hypergranulosis. Vacuolar degeneration at the basal layer may be noted leading to focal subepidermal clefts (Max Joseph spaces).
Dyskeratosis is abnormal keratinization occurring prematurely within individual cells or groups of cells below the stratum granulosum. [1] Dyskeratosis congenita is congenital disease characterized by reticular skin pigmentation, nail degeneration, and leukoplakia on the mucous membranes associated with short telomeres. [2]
The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square metres, and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. [1] The two main types of human skin are: glabrous skin, the hairless skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin. [3]
Actinic elastosis usually appears as thickened, dry, wrinkled skin. Several clinical variants have been recorded. One of the most readily identifiable is the thickened, deeply fissured skin seen on the back of the chronically sun-exposed neck, known as cutis rhomboidalis nuchae. [2]
Degenerative disease is the result of a continuous process based on degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time. [1] In neurodegenerative diseases, cells of the central nervous system stop working or die via neurodegeneration. An example of this is Alzheimer's disease. [2]
The nutrient has been shown to help guard against breast cancer, while a diet rich in vitamin A has been linked to a lower risk for squamous cell carcinoma, a common form of skin cancer.
The number of cells that contain pigment decreases, and the melanocytes that remain increase in size. [3] This is why aging skin looks thin, pale, and translucent. Large spots may be pigmented when some areas are exposed to sunlight. The various alterations in the skin and underlying connective tissue may decrease its strength and elasticity.
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