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Some people may use an intermittent reinforcement schedule that include: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval and variable interval. Another option is to use a continuous reinforcement. Schedules can be both fixed and variable and also the number of reinforcements given during each interval can vary.
Once the frequency of the allele is at 100%, i.e. being the only gene variant present in any member, it is said to be "fixed" in the population. [1] Similarly, genetic differences between taxa are said to have been fixed in each species.
Fixed interval schedule: Reinforcement occurs following the first response after a fixed time has elapsed after the previous reinforcement. This schedule yields a "break-run" pattern of response; that is, after training on this schedule, the organism typically pauses after reinforcement, and then begins to respond rapidly as the time for the ...
And since q 1 2 = p 1 r 1, whatever the values of p, q, and r may be, the distribution will in any case continue unchanged after the second generation The principle was thus known as Hardy's law in the English-speaking world until 1943, when Curt Stern pointed out that it had first been formulated independently in 1908 by the German physician ...
Fitness is often defined as a propensity or probability, rather than the actual number of offspring. For example, according to Maynard Smith, "Fitness is a property, not of an individual, but of a class of individuals—for example homozygous for allele A at a particular locus.
In the evolutionary biology of sexual reproduction, operational sex ratio (OSR) is the ratio of sexually competing males that are ready to mate to sexually competing females that are ready to mate, [1] [2] [3] or alternatively the local ratio of fertilizable females to sexually active males at any given time. [4]
The variance of the estimate X 1 of θ 1 is σ 2 if we use the first experiment. But if we use the second experiment, the variance of the estimate given above is σ 2 /8. Thus the second experiment gives us 8 times as much precision for the estimate of a single item, and estimates all items simultaneously, with the same precision.
The genotypic ratio is 1: 2 : 1, and the phenotypic ratio is 3: 1. In the pea plant example, the capital "B" represents the dominant allele for purple blossom and lowercase "b" represents the recessive allele for white blossom. The pistil plant and the pollen plant are both F 1-hybrids with genotype "B b". Each has one allele for purple and one ...