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Phoenicia's independent coastal cities were ideally suited for trade between the Levant area, which was rich in natural resources, and the rest of the ancient world. Early into the Iron Age, the Phoenicians established ports, warehouses, markets, and settlement all across the Mediterranean and up to the southern Black Sea.
The Phoenicians : the Purple Empire of the ancient world. Internet Archive. New York : Futura. ISBN 978-0-7088-1558-8. Edward Lipiński; Claude Baurain; Jacques Alexandropoulos, eds. (1992). Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique. Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-50033-1. Moscati, Sabatino (1960). Ancient Semitic Civilizations ...
The name Phoenicia is an ancient Greek exonym that did not correspond precisely to a cohesive culture or society as it would have been understood natively. [7] [8] Therefore, the division between Canaanites and Phoenicians around 1200 BC is regarded as a modern and artificial division. [6] [9]
The name Phoenicia is an ancient Greek exonym that did not correspond precisely to a cohesive culture or society as it would have been understood natively. [8] [9] Therefore, the division between Canaanites and Phoenicians around 1200 BC is regarded as a modern and artificial construct. [7] [10]
Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon, ruled for around 43 years, from 605 BC to 562 BC. Nebuchadnezzar, like many other foreign rulers of Phoenicia before him, exploited Phoenicia's resources to enrich his empire. The economic benefits he gained included harvesting timber, which greatly financed his construction projects throughout Mesopotamia. [4]
Doak, Brian R., and Carolina López-Ruiz (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean, Oxford Handbooks (2019; online edn, Oxford Academic, 12 Aug. 2019), Herm, Gerhard (1975). The Phoenicans The Purple Empire of the Ancient World. William Morrow and Company, Inc. ISBN 0-688-02908-6.
Phoenicia was an ancient Semitic civilization originating in the coastal strip of the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon. [6] [7] The Phoenicians were organized in city-states along the northern Levantine coast, including Tyre, Sidon and Byblos. [8]
Map of Phoenician settlements and trade routes. The Phoenician settlement of North Africa or Phoenician expedition to North Africa was the process of Phoenician people migrating and settling in the Maghreb region of North Africa, encompassing present-day Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, from their homeland of Phoenicia in the Levant region, including present-day Lebanon, Israel, and Syria ...