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Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by low calcium levels in the blood serum. [5] The normal range of blood calcium is typically between 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L), while levels less than 2.1 mmol/L are defined as hypocalcemic.
Disorders of calcium metabolism occur when the body has too little or too much calcium. The serum level of calcium is closely regulated within a fairly limited range in the human body. In a healthy physiology, extracellular calcium levels are maintained within a tight range through the actions of parathyroid hormone , vitamin D and the calcium ...
Some people suggest that it also may be caused by calcium deficiency, [13] although this is not backed up by research. Leukonychia occurs most commonly in healthy individuals, and is unrelated to any known nutritional or physiological deficiency. [5] When caused by injury the marks will disappear as the nail grows outwards.
Healthy term infants go through a physiological nadir of serum calcium levels at 7.5 - 8.5 mg/dL by day 2 of life. Hypocalcemia is a low blood calcium level. A total serum calcium of less than 8 mg/dL (2mmol/L) or ionized calcium less than 1.2 mmol/L in term neonates is defined as hypocalcemia. In preterm infants, it is defined as less than 7mg ...
Dark nails are associated with B 12 deficiency. Stains of the nail plate (not the nail bed) are associated with smoking and henna use. Splinter hemorrhages (or haemorrhages) are tiny blood clots that tend to run vertically under the nails. Drug-induced nail changes are caused by drug usage which may result in various abnormalities. [6]: 665–6
Growth charts have been constructed by observing the growth of large numbers of healthy children over time. The height , weight , and head circumference of a child can be compared to the expected parameters of children of the same age and sex to determine whether the child is growing appropriately.
Onychomadesis is defined by the nail plate's detachment from the matrix, its continuous connection to the nail bed, and, frequently but not always, shedding. [4] Beau lines are transverse ridges on the nail plates. [5] Onychomadesis might be considered a more severe version of Beau lines. [6]
Metastatic calcinosis cutis is the consequence of calcium salts precipitating in normal tissue due to an underlying abnormality in the metabolism of phosphate and/or calcium. [2] Metastatic calcification can result from any systemic condition raising serum calcium and/or phosphate levels. Chronic renal failure is the most frequent underlying ...