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In mathematics, the nth-term test for divergence [1] is a simple test for the divergence of an infinite series: If lim n → ∞ a n ≠ 0 {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }a_{n}\neq 0} or if the limit does not exist, then ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n {\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}} diverges.
Constantin Carathéodory's alternative definition of the differentiability of a function can be used to give an elegant proof of the chain rule. [6] Under this definition, a function f is differentiable at a point a if and only if there is a function q, continuous at a and such that f(x) − f(a) = q(x)(x − a).
This definition allows a limit to be defined at limit points of the domain S, if a suitable subset T which has the same limit point is chosen. Notably, the previous two-sided definition works on int S ∪ iso S c , {\displaystyle \operatorname {int} S\cup \operatorname {iso} S^{c},} which is a subset of the limit points of S .
Augustin-Louis Cauchy in 1821, [6] followed by Karl Weierstrass, formalized the definition of the limit of a function which became known as the (ε, δ)-definition of limit. The modern notation of placing the arrow below the limit symbol is due to G. H. Hardy, who introduced it in his book A Course of Pure Mathematics in 1908. [7]
Illustration of the squeeze theorem When a sequence lies between two other converging sequences with the same limit, it also converges to this limit.. In calculus, the squeeze theorem (also known as the sandwich theorem, among other names [a]) is a theorem regarding the limit of a function that is bounded between two other functions.
Arc length s of a logarithmic spiral as a function of its parameter θ. Arc length is the distance between two points along a section of a curve. Development of a formulation of arc length suitable for applications to mathematics and the sciences is a focus of calculus.
This is a list of limits for common functions such as elementary functions. In this article, the terms a , b and c are constants with respect to x . Limits for general functions
In multivariable calculus, an iterated limit is a limit of a sequence or a limit of a function in the form , = (,), (,) = ((,)),or other similar forms. An iterated limit is only defined for an expression whose value depends on at least two variables. To evaluate such a limit, one takes the limiting process as one of the two variables approaches some number, getting an expression whose value ...
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