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The word Fenian (/ ˈ f iː n i ə n /) served as an umbrella term for the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) and their affiliate in the United States, the Fenian Brotherhood.They were secret political organisations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries dedicated to the establishment of an independent Irish Republic.
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John O'Leary (23 July 1830 – 16 March 1907 [1]) was an Irish separatist and a leading Fenian.He studied both law and medicine but did not take a degree and for his involvement in the Irish Republican Brotherhood, he was imprisoned in England during the nineteenth century.
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The Fenians in Context: Irish Politics and Society, 1848–82 (Wolfhound Press, 1985) D'Arcy, William. The Fenian Movement in the United States, 1858–86 (Catholic University of America Press, 1947) Jenkins, Brian. Fenians and Anglo-American Relations during Reconstruction (Cornell University Press, 1969).
In March 1867, Fenians in Ireland launched the Rebellion of 1867. Although directed by a number of veterans of the US Civil War, like the Fethard, County Tipperary born, confederate veteran Thomas Francis Bourke , or the Suresnes, Paris born, former Unionist Gustave Paul Cluseret , the effort was generally a disorganised failure.
There is a large historical literature on the Fenians, eg Comerford, The Fenians in Context and forthcoming work by M J Kelly, The Fenian Ideal and Irish Nationalism. The Fenians were associated with political violence in the sense that they were republican revolutionaries, to a considerable extent inspired by Mazzinian and other contemporary ...
Cashman was enlisted as a Fenian in 1858, around the age of 16. By the age of 25 he was working as a Law Clerk in Waterford.. On 12 January 1867, Cashman was arrested (the same day his third child was born) and was brought to trial on 19 February 1867 where he pleaded guilty to treason, he was sentenced to seven years penal servitude.