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The standard gravitational parameter μ of a celestial body is the product of the gravitational constant G and the mass M of that body. For two bodies, the parameter may be expressed as G(m 1 + m 2), or as GM when one body is much larger than the other: = (+).
31 meters – wavelength of the broadcast radio shortwave band at 9.7 MHz; 32 meters – length of one arcsecond of latitude on the surface of the Earth; 33.3 meters – height of the De Noord, the tallest windmill in the world; 34 meters – height of the Split Point Lighthouse in Aireys Inlet, Victoria, Australia
All radii, once calculated, are divided by 6.957 × 10 8 to convert from m to R ☉.. AD radius determined from angular diameter and distance =, (/) =, = D is multiplied by 3.0857 × 10 19 to convert from kpc to m
For example, if a TNO is incorrectly assumed to have a mass of 3.59 × 10 20 kg based on a radius of 350 km with a density of 2 g/cm 3 but is later discovered to have a radius of only 175 km with a density of 0.5 g/cm 3, its true mass would be only 1.12 × 10 19 kg.
Neptune, which is Uranus's near twin in size and composition, radiates 2.61 times as much energy into space as it receives from the Sun, [23] but Uranus radiates hardly any excess heat at all. The total power radiated by Uranus in the far infrared (i.e. heat) part of the spectrum is 1.06 ± 0.08 times the solar energy absorbed in its atmosphere .
In gravitationally bound systems, the orbital speed of an astronomical body or object (e.g. planet, moon, artificial satellite, spacecraft, or star) is the speed at which it orbits around either the barycenter (the combined center of mass) or, if one body is much more massive than the other bodies of the system combined, its speed relative to the center of mass of the most massive body.
Escape speed at a distance d from the center of a spherically symmetric primary body (such as a star or a planet) with mass M is given by the formula [2] [3] = = where: G is the universal gravitational constant (G ≈ 6.67 × 10 −11 m 3 ⋅kg −1 ⋅s −2 [4])
The Schwarzschild radius was named after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild, who calculated this exact solution for the theory of general relativity in 1916. The Schwarzschild radius is given as =, where G is the gravitational constant, M is the object mass, and c is the speed of light.