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A palatal expander is a device in the field of orthodontics which is used to widen the upper jaw [1] so that the bottom and upper teeth will fit together better. [2] [3] This is a common orthodontic procedure. The use of an expander is most common in children and adolescents 8–18 years of age.
The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
Whatever the purpose, orthodontic headgear works by exerting tension on the braces via hooks, a facebow, coils, elastic bands, metal orthodontic bands, and other attachable appliances directly into the patient's mouth. It is most effective for children and teenagers because their jaws are still developing and can be easily manipulated.
The FRIENDS programs incorporate physiological, cognitive and behavioural strategies to assist children, youths and adults in coping with stress and worry. [3] Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of FRIENDS in addressing mental health issues such as OCD , anxiety , depression , autism and stress in children, [ 4 ] adolescents, [ 5 ...
The Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA) is a U.S. nonprofit organization located in Silver Spring, Maryland [7] dedicated to increasing awareness of and improving the diagnosis, treatment, and cure of anxiety disorders in children and adults. The organization is involved in education, training, and research for anxiety and ...
They involve attaching the orthodontic brackets on the inner (lingual vs. buccal) sides of the teeth. The main advantage of lingual braces is their near invisibility [1] compared to the standard braces, which are attached on the buccal (cheek) sides of the tooth. [2] Lingual braces were invented by Craven Kurz in 1976. [3]
The Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a ten-item [1] diagnostic questionnaire which mental health professionals use to measure the severity of depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders.
Dental fear, or dentophobia, is a normal emotional reaction to one or more specific threatening stimuli in the dental situation. [1] [2] However, dental anxiety is indicative of a state of apprehension that something dreadful is going to happen in relation to dental treatment, and it is usually coupled with a sense of losing control. [1]