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This nerve is the most commonly injured nerve in proximal humerus fractures due to its location close to the proximal humerus. [12] Muscles that attach to the proximal humerus and can cause a deforming force on fracture fragments include the pectoralis major, the deltoid, and the rotator cuff muscles. [11]
Among proximal fractures, 80% are one-part, 10% are two-part, and the remaining 10% are three- and four-part. [22] The most common location of proximal fractures is at the surgical neck of the humerus. [3] Incidence of proximal fractures increases with age, with about 75% of cases occurring among people over the age of 60. [11]
The native humerus and scapula bones are prepared using precise machining to accommodate their respective implants. At the end of the procedure, the subscapularis muscle is typically repaired, although some surgeons advocate not repairing this muscle due to the excess tension placed on it by the altered mechanics of the reverse shoulder design. [8]
One example of a commonly used regional anesthetic is an interscalene brachial plexus block and it has been used in a number of shoulder procedures including instability repairs, proximal humeral prosthetic replacements, total shoulder arthroplasties, anterior acromioplasties, rotator cuff repairs, and operative treatment of humeral fractures. [24]
Injury of axillary nerve (axillary neuropathy) is a condition that can be associated with a surgical neck of the humerus fracture.. It can also be associated with a dislocated shoulder [1] or with traction injury to the nerve, which may be caused by over-aggressive stretching or blunt trauma that does not result in fracture or dislocation. [2]
One possible long-term consequence result of a rotator cuff tear is called proximal humeral head migration, this is where the "ball" of the shoulder joint rests higher in the shoulder joint "socket" disrupting normal shoulder mechanics. [89] Only tear size is an independent predictor of humeral migration.
The Müller AO Classification of fractures is a system for classifying bone fractures initially published in 1987 [1] by the AO Foundation as a method of categorizing injuries according to therognosis of the patient's anatomical and functional outcome. "AO" is an initialism for the German "Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen", the ...
Studies generally use the x-ray appearance of the arm to determine how displaced a fracture is. The definition of ‘displaced fractures' are variable, with anything from 2mm to more than 15mm; [4] however x-rays on which this assessment is made are known to be hugely misleading with fractures showing little displacement having >10mm displacement using CT scans.