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Like many lofty titles, such as mogul, tsar or czar has been used in English as a metaphor for positions of high authority since 1866 (referring to U.S. President Andrew Johnson), with a connotation of dictatorial powers and style, fitting since "autocrat" was an official title of the Russian Emperor (informally referred to as 'the tsar').
The Tsar of all Russia, in full the Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia, [a] [1] was the title of the Russian monarch from 1547 to 1721. During this period, the state was a tsardom . The first Russian monarch to be crowned as tsar was Ivan IV , who had held the title of sovereign and grand prince . [ 2 ]
At his accession as the sole monarch of Russia in 1696, Peter held the same title as his father, Alexis: "Great Lord Tsar and Grand Prince, Autocrat of Great, Small and White Russia". [109] By 1710, he had styled himself as "Tsar and All-Russian Emperor", but it was not until 1721 that the imperial title became official. [109]
After the Tsar was deposed and his family murdered, their jewels and jewelry became the property of the new Soviet government. [53] A select number of pieces from the collection were sold at auction by Christie's in London in March 1927. [54] The remaining collection is on view today in the Kremlin Armoury in Moscow. [55]
Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Russian: Иван IV Васильевич; [d] 25 August 1530 – 28 March [O.S. 18 March] 1584), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, [e] was Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1533 to 1547, and the first Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia from 1547 until his death in 1584. [3]
In Northern Europe and at the court of the Holy Roman Empire, however, the country was known under its own name, Russia or Rossia. [42] Sigismund von Herberstein, ambassador of the Holy Roman Emperor in Russia, used both Russia and Moscovia in his work on the Russian tsardom and noted: "The majority believes that Russia is a changed name of ...
The Russian word for nobility, dvoryanstvo derives from Slavonic dvor (двор), meaning the court of a prince or duke , and later, of the tsar or emperor. Here, dvor originally referred to servants at the estate of an aristocrat .
Tsarist autocracy (Russian: царское самодержавие, romanized: tsarskoye samoderzhaviye), also called Tsarism, was an autocracy, a form of absolute monarchy localised with the Grand Duchy of Moscow and its successor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire.