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In digital communications, chirp spread spectrum (CSS) is a spread spectrum technique that uses wideband linear frequency modulated chirp pulses to encode information. [1] A chirp is a sinusoidal signal whose frequency increases or decreases over time (often with a polynomial expression for the relationship between time and frequency).
The CSS 1 test suite was created by Eric A. Meyer, Håkon Wium Lie and Tim Boland along with other contributors, finishing in 2018. [3] In late 1998 the first version of CSS 2 was released. In 1999 a revision (CSS 2.1) was released. [2] By 1999 there are 15 members working in "Cascading Style Sheets and Formatting Properties Working Group." [2]
To demonstrate specificity Inheritance Inheritance is a key feature in CSS; it relies on the ancestor-descendant relationship to operate. Inheritance is the mechanism by which properties are applied not only to a specified element but also to its descendants. Inheritance relies on the document tree, which is the hierarchy of XHTML elements in a page based on nesting. Descendant elements may ...
Categorization for signal modulation based on data and carrier types. In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a separate signal called the modulation signal that typically contains information to be transmitted. [1]
In digital signal modulation, information bits modulate the carrier electromagnetic wave signal to a set of desired phase, frequency and amplitude states. This set of allowed states is called a constellation. Typically, the probability of an information bit to be a 0 is the same as that of a 1, leading to all states from the constellation to ...
Style may be chosen specifically for a piece of content, see e.g., color; scope of parameters Alternatively, style is specified for CSS selectors, expressed in terms of elements, classes, and ID's.
On–off keying (OOK) denotes the simplest form of amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation that represents digital data as the presence or absence of a carrier wave. [1] In its simplest form, the presence of a carrier for a specific duration represents a binary one, while its absence for the same duration represents a binary zero.
Here ψ is the angle between the path of the wave source and the direction of wave propagation (the wave vector k), and the circles represent wavefronts. Consider one of the phase circles of Fig.12.3 for a particular k , corresponding to the time t in the past, Fig.12.2.