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The Platonist view of the four cardinal virtues is described in Definitions. Practical wisdom or prudence (phrónēsis) is the perspicacity necessary to conduct personal business and affairs of state. It encompasses the skill to distinguish the beneficial from the detrimental, to understand the attainment of happiness, and to discern the right ...
Arete (Ancient Greek: ἀρετή, romanized: aretḗ) is a concept in ancient Greek thought that refers to "excellence" of any kind [1] —especially a person or thing's "full realization of potential or inherent function." [2] The term may also refer to excellence in "moral virtue." [1]
The Moralia include On the Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander the Great, an important adjunct to Plutarch's Life of the great general; On the Worship of Isis and Osiris, a crucial source of information on Egyptian religious rites; [2] and On the Malice of Herodotus (which may, like the orations on Alexander's accomplishments, have been a rhetorical exercise), [3] in which Plutarch criticizes ...
Aristotle also says, for example in NE Book VI, that such a complete virtue requires intellectual virtue, not only practical virtue, but also theoretical wisdom. Such a virtuous person, if they can come into being, will choose the best life of all, which is the philosophical life of contemplation and speculation.
In Christian history, the seven heavenly virtues combine the four cardinal virtues of prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude with the three theological virtues of faith, hope, and charity. The seven capital virtues , also known as seven lively virtues , contrary or remedial virtues, are those opposite the seven deadly sins .
Cardinal and Theological Virtues a 1511 portrait by Raphael. A virtue (Latin: virtus) is a trait of excellence, including traits that may be moral, social, or intellectual.. The cultivation and refinement of virtue is held to be the "good of humanity" and thus is valued as an end purpose of life or a foundational principle of be
ἀρετή: Virtue. Goodness and human excellence. askêsis ἄσκησις: disciplined training designed to achieve virtue. ataraxia ἀταραξία: tranquillity, untroubled by external things. autarkeia αὐτάρκεια: self-sufficiency, mental independence of all things.
This division of virtue as a whole into cardinal virtues is an ongoing project of positive psychology or, in philosophy, virtue ethics, following a tradition originating in Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. It implies a link between virtus and the Greek concept of arete.