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The English Civil War was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Royalists and Parliamentarians in the Kingdom of England [b] from 1642 to 1651. Part of the wider 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the struggle consisted of the First English Civil War and the Second English Civil War.
The First English Civil War took place in England and Wales from 1642 to 1646, and forms part of the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. [a] An estimated 15% to 20% of adult males in England and Wales served in the military at some point between 1639 and 1653, while around 4% of the total population died from war-related causes.
The First English Civil War started in 1642. By the end of the year neither side had succeeded in gaining an advantage, although the King's advance on London was the closest Royalist forces came to threatening the city.
21 March, Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold the last pitched battle of the First Civil War is a victory for the New Model Army 13 April, Siege of Exeter ended with the surrender of Royalist garrison. 5 May, Charles surrendered to a Scottish army at Southwell, Nottinghamshire
7 September – First English Civil War: Siege of Portsmouth (begun on 10 August) ends with Royalists surrendering the port to Parliament. Battle of Babylon Hill in Dorset, an indecisive skirmish. 23 September – First English Civil War: Royalist victory at the Battle of Powick Bridge. [4]
When the war began in August 1642, Parliamentary forces secured most of southern England, including the ports of Southampton and Dover, as well as the bulk of the Royal Navy. After capturing Portsmouth in September, they controlled every major port from Plymouth to Hull , hampering Royalist efforts to import arms and men from Europe.
The siege of Hull is variously described as commencing from either 10 July or 15 July [31] [37] and a sally made by Meldrum is often attributed as the "first blood" of the First English Civil War. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] According to John Rushworth , Meldrum attacked the King's forces with 500 men.
Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, KB, PC (/ ˈ d ɛ v ə ˌ r uː /; 11 January 1591 – 14 September 1646) was an English Parliamentarian and soldier during the first half of the 17th century. With the start of the Civil War in 1642, he became the first Captain-General and Chief Commander of the Parliamentarian army, also known as the ...