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Modern human cranial size over the last 300 ka using data consolidated into 100-year means according to one 2022 study [6]...and for the last 30 ka [6]. From early primates to hominids and finally to Homo sapiens, the brain gets progressively larger - with the exception of extinct Neanderthals whose brain size exceeded that of modern Homo sapiens.
Neanderthal teeth have a morphology that is a specifically derived trait in their species. Neanderthals have a distinct dental morphology that is unique compared to the dental frequency patterns of Homo sapiens. [28] Also, the Neanderthal mandibular has characteristics that are different from those of Homo sapiens.
Brain size in both Neanderthals and AMH is significantly larger on average (but overlapping in range) than brain size in H. erectus. Neanderthal and AMH brain sizes are in the same range, but there are differences in the relative sizes of individual brain areas, with significantly larger visual systems in Neanderthals than in AMH. [102] [note 9]
The dimensions of a 1.8 million years old adult female H. e. ergaster pelvis from Gona, Ethiopia, suggests that she would have been capable of birthing children with a maximum prenatal brain size of 315 cc (19.2 cu in), about 30–50% of adult brain size, falling between chimpanzees (~40%) and modern humans (28%). [66]
A. ramidus had a small brain, measuring between 300 and 350 cm 3. This is about the same size as the modern bonobo and female chimpanzee brain; it is somewhat smaller than the brain of australopithecines like Lucy (400 to 550 cm 3) and slightly over a fifth the size of the modern Homo sapiens brain.
A Neanderthal was buried 75,000 years ago, and experts painstakingly pieced together what she looked like. The striking recreation is featured in a new Netflix documentary, “Secrets of the ...
The estimated age of the remains is between 150,000 and 120,000 years. The remains' characteristics typical of early Neanderthals include the size of the brow ridges, the long and low brain case, and the strong chinless lower jaw. [3]
These "dogs" had a wide size range, from over 60 cm (2 ft) in height in eastern Europe to less than 30–45 cm (1 ft–1 ft 6 in) in central and western Europe, [103] and 32–41 kg (71–90 lb) in all of Europe. These "dogs" are identified by having a shorter snout and skull, and wider palate and braincase than contemporary wolves.