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Toxicological issues prevented long term use of clomifene and further drug development for other potential applications such as breast cancer treatment and prevention. [ 6 ] It was another ten years before tamoxifen was approved in December 1977, not as a contraceptive but as a hormonal treatment to treat and prevent breast cancer. [ 6 ]
Tamoxifen, sold under the brand name Nolvadex among others, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator used to prevent breast cancer in women and men. [13] It is also being studied for other types of cancer. [13] It has been used for Albright syndrome. [14] Tamoxifen is typically taken daily by mouth for five years for breast cancer. [14]
Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent pregnancy. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods of birth control only became available in the 20th century. [ 3 ]
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[134] [135] [136] Antiestrogens are also effective in the prevention of breast cancer. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Paradoxically, high-dose estrogen therapy is effective in the treatment of breast cancer as well and has about the same degree of effectiveness as antiestrogen therapy, although it is far less commonly used due to adverse effects.
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A 2013 meta-analysis concluded that every use of birth control pills is associated with a modest increase in the risk of breast cancer (relative risk 1.08) and a reduced risk of colorectal cancer (relative risk 0.86) and endometrial cancer (relative risk 0.57). Cervical cancer risk in those infected with HPV is increased. [124]