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Echocardiography, also known as cardiac ultrasound, is the use of ultrasound to examine the heart. It is a type of medical imaging , using standard ultrasound or Doppler ultrasound . [ 1 ] The visual image formed using this technique is called an echocardiogram , a cardiac echo , or simply an echo .
It aims to detect HCM early, so that interventions can be commenced to prevent complications and sudden cardiac death. [1] [4] The purpose of screening is to increase the chances of an early diagnosis and thus a better prognosis. Early diagnosis facilitates surveillance for disease complications that may become fatal if left unmanaged.
Apical four chamber ultrasound view of heart. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) uses ultrasonic waves for continuous heart chamber and blood movement visualization. It is the most commonly used imaging tool for diagnosing heart problems, as it allows non-invasive visualization of the heart and the blood flow through the heart, using a technique known as Doppler.
A fairly accurate estimate of the target heart rate, based on extensive clinical research, can be estimated by the formula 220 beats per minute minus patient's age. This linear relation is accurate up to about age 30, after which it mildly underestimates typical maximum attainable heart rates achievable by healthy individuals.
Screen-positive individuals who are diagnosed with cardiac disease are usually told to avoid competitive athletics. [43] HCM can be detected with an echocardiogram (ECHO) with 80%+ accuracy, [44] which can be preceded by screening with an electrocardiogram (ECG) to test for heart abnormalities.
Current risk prediction models rely heavily on invasive tests like blood draws, ultrasounds, CT scans, and MRIs, which can be costly and less feasible for large-scale screening,” Yi said.
Medical ultrasound includes diagnostic techniques (mainly imaging techniques) using ultrasound, as well as therapeutic applications of ultrasound. In diagnosis, it is used to create an image of internal body structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, blood vessels, and internal organs, to measure some characteristics (e.g., distances and velocities) or to generate an informative audible sound.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound-using gas-filled microbubble contrast media can be used to improve velocity or other flow-related medical measurements. An advantage of Doppler echocardiography is that it can be used to measure blood flow within the heart without invasive procedures such as cardiac catheterization.
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