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The Four Prism Dioptre Reflex Test (also known as the 4 PRT, or 4 Prism Dioptre Base-out Test) is an objective, non-dissociative test used to prove the alignment of both eyes (i.e. the presence of binocular single vision) by assessing motor fusion. [1]
The Maddox rod test is a subjective method to measure horizontal and vertical deviations of the eyes, using a red line and a white light. The double Maddox rod test can also assess torsion and cyclotropias, by comparing the angles of two red lines.
A fixation disparity is not constant within a certain observer, but can vary depending on the viewing conditions. If test prisms with increasing amount are placed in front of the observer’s eyes, the fixation disparity changes in the eso direction with base-in prisms and in the exo direction with base-out prisms (Fig. 3).
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is an eye condition that causes one eye to drift upward spontaneously or after being covered. It is often associated with squints and can be diagnosed and treated by ophthalmologists.
Esotropia is a condition in which one or both eyes deviate inward, causing a cross-eyed appearance. It can be constant or intermittent, and has different types and causes, such as hyperopia, congenital, or accommodative factors.
The Hirschberg test, also known as the Hirschberg corneal reflex test, is a method to assess ocular misalignment by observing the light reflex on the cornea. It can detect exotropia, esotropia, hypertropia or hypotropia and is used in optometry and ophthalmology.
Learn how to download, install, or uninstall AOL Desktop Gold, a software included with your AOL membership. Find out the system requirements, the link to the official email confirmation, and the phone number for live support.
From left to right: an accommodative fixation stick, a vertical prism bar, and a horizontal prism bar. The PFR involves placing a prism bar in front of an eye. In a patient with BSV, a natural shift of the eye occurs. When measuring horizontal fusion ranges, base in prisms assess fusional divergence while base out prisms assess fusional ...