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A transcription factor is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences (enhancer or promoter), either alone or with other proteins in a complex, to control the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA by promoting (serving as an activator) or blocking (serving as a repressor) the recruitment of RNA polymerase.
It is a part of the transcription initiation factor TFIID multimeric protein complex. It also makes up many other factors, including SL1. They mediate the formation of the transcription preinitiation complex, a step preceding transcription of DNA to RNA by RNA polymerase II. TAFs have a signature N-terminal histone-like fold domain (HFD). [1]
Other transcription factors differentially regulate the expression of various genes by binding to enhancer regions of DNA adjacent to regulated genes. These transcription factors are critical to making sure that genes are expressed in the right cell at the right time and in the right amount, depending on the changing requirements of the organism.
TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation.
These factors and promoter elements are shared between Pol II and Pol III transcription of snRNA genes. SNAPc acts to assemble TFIIIB at a TATA box centered 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. It is the presence of a TATA box that specifies that the snRNA gene is transcribed by Pol III rather than Pol II. The TFIIIB for ...
General transcription factors bind to the promoter. When a transcription factor is activated by a signal (here indicated as phosphorylation shown by a small red star on a transcription factor on the enhancer) the enhancer is activated and can now activate its target promoter. The active enhancer is transcribed on each strand of DNA in opposite ...
This list of manually curated human transcription factors is taken from Lambert, Jolma, Campitelli et al. [1] It was assembled by manual curation. More detailed information is found in the manuscript and the web site accompanying the paper (Human Transcription Factors)
66464 Ensembl ENSG00000120656 ENSMUSG00000028899 UniProt Q16514 Q8VE65 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001135218 NM_005644 NM_025579 RefSeq (protein) NP_001128690 NP_005635 NP_079855 Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 28.59 – 28.65 Mb Chr 4: 132 – 132.02 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF12 gene ...