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Forwarding is a form of automatic message resending; delegation is a form of inheritance with binding of the parent (superclass) at run time, rather than at compile/link time as with 'normal' inheritance. [1] For example, given the following code:
→ 1 load the int value 1 onto the stack iconst_2 05 0000 0101 → 2 load the int value 2 onto the stack iconst_3 06 0000 0110 → 3 load the int value 3 onto the stack iconst_4 07 0000 0111 → 4 load the int value 4 onto the stack iconst_5 08 0000 1000 → 5 load the int value 5 onto the stack idiv 6c 0110 1100 value1, value2 → result
For example, a parent class, A, can have two subclasses B and C. Both B and C's parent class is A, but B and C are two separate subclasses. Hybrid inheritance Hybrid inheritance is when a mix of two or more of the above types of inheritance occurs. An example of this is when a class A has a subclass B which has two subclasses, C and D.
C++ does not have the keyword super that a subclass can use in Java to invoke the superclass version of a method that it wants to override. Instead, the name of the parent or base class is used followed by the scope resolution operator. For example, the following code presents two classes, the base class Rectangle, and the derived class Box.
On the other hand, inheritance can be statically type-checked, while delegation generally cannot without generics (although a restricted version of delegation can be statically typesafe [7]). Delegation can be termed "run-time inheritance for specific objects." Here is a pseudocode example in a C#/Java like language:
A snippet of Java code with keywords highlighted in bold blue font. The syntax of Java is the set of rules defining how a Java program is written and interpreted. The syntax is mostly derived from C and C++. Unlike C++, Java has no global functions or variables, but has data members which are also regarded as global variables.
These variables and functions have, in effect, been "sliced off". More subtly, object slicing can likewise occur when an object of a subclass type is copied to an object of the same type by the superclass's assignment operator , in which case some of the target object's member variables will retain their original values instead of getting ...
Due to the C++ language not having a dedicated keyword to declare interfaces, the following C++ example uses inheritance from a pure abstract base class. For most purposes, this is functionally equivalent to the interfaces provided in other languages, such as Java [4]: 87 and C#. [5]: 144