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Brown syndrome is a rare form of strabismus characterized by limited elevation of the affected eye. The disorder may be congenital (existing at or before birth), or acquired. Brown syndrome is caused by a malfunction of the superior oblique muscle , causing the eye to have difficulty moving up, particularly during adduction (when eye turns ...
However, a small magnitude or intermittent strabismus can easily be missed upon casual observation. In any case, an eye care professional can conduct various tests, such as cover testing, to determine the full extent of the strabismus. [citation needed] Symptoms of strabismus include double vision and eye strain.
For children aged 3–5 years old, visual acuity can be tested by Allen's picture card, Lippman's HOTV test, and letter test. [4] For children greater than age 5, visual acuity can be tested by Tumbling E, Landolt's broken ring, Snellen's chart, and LogMAR chart tests.
Medical symptoms refer to the manifestations or indications of a disease or condition, perceived and complained about by the patient. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Patients observe these symptoms and seek medical advice from healthcare professionals.
diplopia or double vision - more seen in adults (maturity / plasticity of neural pathways) and suppression mechanisms of the brain in sorting out the images from the two eyes. cyclotropia , a cyclotorsional deviation of the eyes (rotation around the visual axis), particularly when the root cause is an oblique muscle paresis causing the hypertropia.
Most patients with "early-onset" concomitant esotropia are emmetropic, whereas most of the "later-onset" patients are hyperopic. It is the most frequent type of natural strabismus not only in humans, but also in monkeys. [3] Concomitant esotropia can itself be subdivided into esotropias that are either constant, or intermittent. Constant esotropia
Duane syndrome is a congenital rare type of strabismus most commonly characterized by the inability of the eye to move outward. The syndrome was first described by ophthalmologists Jakob Stilling (1887) and Siegmund Türk (1896), and subsequently named after Alexander Duane, who discussed the disorder in more detail in 1905.
This remains undetermined at the present time. A recent study by Major et al. [5] reports that: Prematurity, family history or secondary ocular history, perinatal or gestational complications, systemic disorders, use of supplemental oxygen as a neonate, use of systemic medications, and male sex were found to be significant risk factors for infantile esotropia.