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The term backwardation, when used without the qualifier "normal", can be somewhat ambiguous. Although sometimes used as a synonym for normal backwardation (where a futures contract price is lower than the expected spot price at contract maturity), it may also refer to the situation where a futures contract price is merely lower than the current ...
The Commission of the European Communities, in a report on agricultural commodity speculation, defined backwardation and contango in relation to spot prices: "The futures price may be either higher or lower than the spot price. When the spot price is higher than the futures price, the market is said to be in backwardation.
Futures prices tend toward backwardation; The volatility of cash and the nearby futures prices rises with respect to that of the more distant futures contracts; The theory of storage was originally developed and described by Holbrook Working in 1933. [1]
Markets are said to be normal when futures prices are above the current spot price and far-dated futures are priced above near-dated futures. The reverse, where the price of a commodity for future delivery is lower than the expected spot price is known as backwardation. Similarly, markets are said to be inverted when futures prices are below ...
A convenience yield is an implied return on holding inventories. [1] [2] It is an adjustment to the cost of carry in the non-arbitrage pricing formula for forward prices in markets with trading constraints.
The roll yield is the difference between the profit or loss of a futures contract and the change in the spot price of the underlying asset of that futures contract. Unlike fixed income or dividend yields, a roll yield does not provide a cash payment, and may not be counted as a profit in certain cases if it accounts for the underlying asset's cost-of-carry.
Energy contracts are rolled monthly, all other commodity futures contracts are rolled annually. This rolling procedure was adopted given the historical tendency for energy curves to be in backwardation and metal and agricultural forward curves to be in contango. Futures contracts rolling takes place between the second and sixth business day of ...
In finance, a forward contract, or simply a forward, is a non-standardized contract between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specified future time at a price agreed on in the contract, making it a type of derivative instrument.