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Consequently, one main goal of catalyst design for PEM fuel cells is to increase the catalytic activity of platinum by a factor of four so that only one-fourth as much of the precious metal is necessary to achieve similar performance.
When determining the electrical efficiency of PEM electrolysis, the HHV can be used. [17] This is because the catalyst layer interacts with water as steam. As the process operates at 80 °C for PEM electrolysers the waste heat can be redirected through the system to create the steam, resulting in a higher overall electrical efficiency.
The PEM is sandwiched between two electrodes which have the catalyst embedded in them. The electrodes are electrically insulated from each other by the PEM. These two electrodes make up the anode and cathode respectively. The PEM is typically a fluoropolymer (PFSA) proton permeable electrical insulator barrier. Hydrocarbon variants are ...
A proton-exchange membrane, or polymer-electrolyte membrane (PEM), is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct protons while acting as an electronic insulator and reactant barrier, e.g. to oxygen and hydrogen gas. [1]
HT-PEM fuel cell systems are used for stationary and portable applications. [17] For example methanol fueled HT-PEM fuel cells are used as replacement of generators (e.g. off-grid applications, backup power, emergency-power supply, auxiliary power unit) and for range extension of electric vehicles (e.g. sports car Gumpert Nathalie). Typically ...
Methanol cross-over and/or its effects can be alleviated by (a) developing alternative membranes (e.g. [6] [7]), (b) improving the electro-oxidation process in the catalyst layer and improving the structure of the catalyst and gas diffusion layers (e.g. [8]), and (c) optimizing the design of the flow field and the membrane electrode assembly ...
Thus, catalyst development focuses on the production of products such as methane and methanol. [11] Homogeneous catalysts, such as enzymes [19] and synthetic coordination complexes [11] have been employed for this purpose. A variety of nanomaterials have also been studied for CO 2 reduction, including carbon-based materials and framework ...
Demonstration model of a direct methanol fuel cell (black layered cube) in its enclosure Scheme of a proton-conducting fuel cell. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) [1] into electricity through a pair of redox reactions. [2]