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In 1947, Congress consolidated Army and Navy officer management legislation into the Officer Personnel Act (OPA). With the encouragement of the Army (notably by General Dwight Eisenhower ), the OPA extended the "up or out" system across the military and required officers to go before promotion boards at set times based on cohorts, normally ...
The Officer Personnel Act of 1947 gave the Army its first up-or-out promotion system, eliminating officers after a maximum number of years in each grade. Before 1947, Army officers were promoted by seniority up to the grade of colonel, with a mandatory retirement age of 60 for colonels, 62 for brigadier generals, and 64 for major generals.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in May 2024. Clockwise from left: George, Smith, Franchetti, Allvin, Saltzman, Hokanson, Grady, and Brown. Although four-star officers appeared in organizations like the Continental Army before the United States of America was founded in 1776, the legislative history of four-star officers in the United States uniformed services began in 1799, when Congress authorized ...
Admirals Ernest J. King, William D. Leahy, and General George C. Marshall at the White House, 1942.. From 1899, when the Navy's Civil War-era four-star grade was recreated after the Spanish-American War, through 1947, when the Officer Personnel Act defined the post-World War II military establishment, four-star grades evolved along two parallel tracks, one decorative and one functional.
The Vietnam War (1955-1975) confronted the US Army with a variety of challenges, both in the military context and at home. In the dense jungles of Vietnam, soldiers faced an invisible enemy using guerrilla tactics, while the difficult terrain, tropical diseases and the constant threat of ambushes strained the morale and effectiveness of the troops.
Authorized one-grade promotion on the retired list or posthumously of general officers who, for services rendered during World War I, were recommended in writing for promotion to increased rank not since received, and who also received the Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service Cross, or Distinguished Service Medal (James G. Harbord, William M ...
DOPMA standardized four-star appointments across all services, replacing the previous service-specific mechanisms. Under the Officer Personnel Act, four-star officers held that grade ex officio while serving in a position of importance and responsibility designated to carry that grade, and upon vacating that position reverted to two-star major general or rear admiral, the highest permanent ...
The United States Army Officer Candidate Schools Alumni Association (USAOCSAA) : [38] is the alumni association for the United States Army Officer Candidate Schools (OCS) past, present, and future regardless of location and includes Army National Guard OCS. It is incorporated in the State of Georgia as a 501 C(19) not for profit, war veterans ...