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Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a type of enamel defect affecting, as the name suggests, the first molars and incisors in the permanent dentition. [1] MIH is considered a worldwide problem with a global prevalence of 12.9% and is usually identified in children under 10 years old. [2]
This condition arises as a response to dental infections, such as periapical pulp inflammation or low-intensity trauma. The lesion typically appears as a radiopacity in the periapical area due to the sclerotic reaction. While most commonly associated with non-vital teeth, condensing osteitis can also occur in vital teeth following occlusal trauma.
Intraoral X-rays or a 3-D cone beam scan of the affected area can be used to obtain radiological images and confirm diagnosis of cysts in the periapical area. Circular or ovoid radiolucency surrounding the root tip of approximately 1-1.5 cm in diameter is indicative of the presence of a periapical cyst. [2]
The clinical manifestation of mild dental fluorosis is mostly characterised a snow flaking appearance that lack a clear border, opaque, white spots, narrow white lines following the perikymata or patches as the opacities may coalesce with an intact, hard and smooth enamel surface on most of the teeth. [7]
Cross-sectional diagram of a molar tooth. 1: crown, 2: root, 3: enamel, 4: dentin and dentin tubules, 5: pulp chamber, 6: blood vessels and nerve within root canal, 7: periodontal ligament, 8: apex and periapical region, 9: alveolar bone VITA classical A1-D4 shade guide arranged according to value VITA classical A1-D4 shade guide arranged according to chroma; A: red-brown, B: red-yellow, C ...
Universal numbering system. This is a dental practitioner view, so tooth number 1, the rear upper tooth on the patient's right, appears on the left of the chart. The Universal Numbering System, sometimes called the "American System", is a dental notation system commonly used in the United States. [1] [2]
The uppercase letters A through T are used for primary teeth and the numbers 1 – 32 are used for permanent teeth. The tooth designated "1" is the maxillary right third molar ("wisdom tooth") and the count continues along the upper teeth to the left side. Then the count begins at the mandibular left third molar, designated number 17, and ...
Codes, names, and usual number of roots: (see chart of teeth at Universal Numbering System) 11 21 51 61 maxillary central incisor 1; 41 31 81 71 mandibular central incisor 1; 12 22 52 62 maxillary lateral incisor 1; 42 32 82 72 mandibular lateral incisor 1; 13 23 53 63 maxillary canine 1; 43 33 83 73 mandibular canine 1; 14 24 maxillary first ...