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The vitamin D receptor (VDR also known as the calcitriol receptor) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. [5] Calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D , 1,25-(OH) 2 vitamin D 3 ) binds to VDR, which then forms a heterodimer with the retinoid-X receptor .
The VDR is widely distributed in tissues, and is not restricted to those tissues considered the classic targets of vitamin D. The VDR upon binding to 1,25(OH) 2 D heterodimerizes with other nuclear hormone receptors, in particular the family of retinoid X receptors. This VDR/RXR heterodimer complex binds to the specific VDRE in the promoters of ...
The mesolimbic pathway and its positioning in relation to the other dopaminergic pathways. The mesolimbic pathway is a collection of dopaminergic (i.e., dopamine-releasing) neurons that project from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the ventral striatum, which includes the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and olfactory tubercle. [9]
The T cell receptor in this sense is the topological equivalent to an antigen-binding fragment of the antibody, both being part of the immunoglobulin superfamily. An autoimmune response is prevented by eliminating cells that self-react.
In a situation of lowered blood volume, secretion of renin by the kidneys results in the production of angiotensin II, which stimulates receptors in the VOLT and subfornical organ to complete a positive feedback loop. [9] [12] [13] These neurons also project to the median preoptic nucleus which is involved in controlling thirst. [11] [9] [12]
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, bone (osteoblasts), ventricular myocytes** (responsible for prolonged action potential in cardiac cell; also termed DHP receptors), dendrites and dendritic spines of cortical neurones P-type calcium channel ("Purkinje") /Q-type calcium channel: HVA (high voltage activated) Ca v 2.1 : α 2 δ, β, possibly γ
From a paper by Oscar Arias-Carrión, 2008 In an embryonic rat brain, GAD67-binding marker tends to concentrate in subventricular zone. An image from Popp et al., 2009. [1] The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a region situated on the outside wall of each lateral ventricle of the vertebrate brain. [2] It is present in both the embryonic and adult ...
This is because the medulla oblongata is located in the area of the brain, the most inferior portion, which does not have a robust and highly developed blood-brain barrier. Without this barrier, emetic drugs and toxins are free to interact with a receptor , or multiple receptors located in the CTZ.