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Microbial enzymes are widely utilized as biocatalysts in fields such as biotechnology, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals. Metagenomic data serve as a valuable resource for identifying novel CUEs from previously unknown microbes present in complex microbial communities across diverse ecosystems.
Industrial enzymes are enzymes that are commercially used in a variety of industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemical production, biofuels, food and beverage, and consumer products. Due to advancements in recent years, biocatalysis through isolated enzymes is considered more economical than use of whole cells.
Apart from its use in the pulp and paper industry, xylanases are also used as food additives to poultry; [4] in wheat flour for improving dough handling and quality of baked products ; for the extraction of coffee, plant oils, and starch; in the improvement of nutritional properties of agricultural silage and grain feed; and in combination with ...
Glucose oxidase (GOX) catalyzes the oxidation of β-D-glucose to D-glucono-δ-lactone with the simultaneous reduction of enzyme-bound flavin. GOX exists as a homodimer, with each subunit binding one FAD molecule. Crystal structures show that FAD binds in a deep pocket of the enzyme near the dimer interface.
Soil enzymes are a group of enzymes found in soil. They are excreted by soil microbes such as fungi , bacteria and archaea , and play a key role in decomposing soil organic matter into humus , in the process releasing nutrients essential for the growth of plants .
These enzymes degrade complex organic matter such as cellulose and hemicellulose into simple sugars that enzyme-producing organisms use as a source of carbon, energy, and nutrients. [2] Grouped as hydrolases , lyases , oxidoreductases and transferases , [ 1 ] these extracellular enzymes control soil enzyme activity through efficient degradation ...
Enzymes are used in the chemical industry and other industrial applications when extremely specific catalysts are required. Enzymes in general are limited in the number of reactions they have evolved to catalyze and also by their lack of stability in organic solvents and at high temperatures.
Biological nitrogen fixation or diazotrophy is catalyzed by enzymes called nitrogenases. [2] These enzyme complexes are encoded by the Nif genes (or Nif homologs ) and contain iron , often with a second metal (usually molybdenum , but sometimes vanadium ).