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A plate showing the uniform of a U.S. Army first sergeant, circa 1858, influenced by the French army. The military uniforms of the Union Army in the American Civil War were widely varied and, due to limitations on supply of wool and other materials, based on availability and cost of materials. [1]
Spencer, John D. (2006) The American Civil War in the Indian Territory Osprey ISBN 978-1-84603-000-0; Emerson, William K. (1996) Encyclopedia of United States Army insignia and uniforms University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 978-0-8061-2622-7; Taschek, Karen. (2006) The Civil War Chelsea House ISBN 978-1-60413-381-3
During the American Civil War, the United States Army, the land force that fought to preserve the collective Union of the states, was often referred to as the Union army, the federal army, or the northern army. It proved essential to the restoration and preservation of the United States as a working, viable republic.
The Official Military Atlas of the Civil War, Random House Value Publishing, (1988) ISBN 0-517-53407-X; Faust, Patricia L., Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War, HarperPerennial, (1986) ISBN 0-06-273116-5; Konstam, Angusand and Bryan, Tony Confederate Ironclad 1861-65, Osprey Publishing, (2001) pg. 1873 ISBN 1-84176-307-1
The army was reorganized for the Civil War. On July 29, 1861 [6] the ranks of commissary sergeant, saddler sergeant, veterinary sergeant, hospital steward, company quartermaster sergeant and wagoner were added to the cavalry. The ranks of commissary sergeant, drum major and leader of the band and hospital steward were added to the infantry.
The war-torn nation then entered the Reconstruction era in an attempt to rebuild the country, bring the former Confederate states back into the United States, and grant civil rights to freed slaves. The war is one of the most extensively studied and written about episodes in the history of the United States .
The American Civil War was the first 'railroad war' in history, due in no small part to the fact that in 1860 the United States had over 30,000 miles of tracks, more than any other country. The typical American freight train was composed of a 4-4-0 steam locomotive pulling 17 boxcars , each capable of carrying 5 to 10 tons of freight.
The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy, (1977) Utley, Robert M. Frontier Regulars; the United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891 (1973) Richard W. Stewart, ed. (2004). American Military History Vol. 1: The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775–1917.