Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
The cost of representing a number N in a given base b can be defined as (,) = ⌊ + ⌋where we use the floor function ⌊ ⌋ and the base-b logarithm.. If both b and N are positive integers, then the quantity (,) is equal to the number of digits needed to express the number N in base b, multiplied by base b. [1]
Here, a new graph G' is built from two copies of the original graph G: a forward copy Gf and a backward copy Gb. The backward copy is "flipped", so that, in each side of G', there are now n+r vertices. Between the copies, we need to add two kinds of linking edges: [1]: 4–6
In many applications, objective functions, including loss functions as a particular case, are determined by the problem formulation. In other situations, the decision maker’s preference must be elicited and represented by a scalar-valued function (called also utility function) in a form suitable for optimization — the problem that Ragnar Frisch has highlighted in his Nobel Prize lecture. [4]
Given real numbers x and y, integers m and n and the set of integers, floor and ceiling may be defined by the equations ⌊ ⌋ = {}, ⌈ ⌉ = {}. Since there is exactly one integer in a half-open interval of length one, for any real number x, there are unique integers m and n satisfying the equation
In general, a distance matrix is a weighted adjacency matrix of some graph. In a network, a directed graph with weights assigned to the arcs, the distance between two nodes of the network can be defined as the minimum of the sums of the weights on the shortest paths joining the two nodes (where the number of steps in the path is bounded). [2]
The total cost curve, if non-linear, can represent increasing and diminishing marginal returns.. The short-run total cost (SRTC) and long-run total cost (LRTC) curves are increasing in the quantity of output produced because producing more output requires more labor usage in both the short and long runs, and because in the long run producing more output involves using more of the physical ...
Total costs = fixed costs + (unit variable cost × number of units) Total revenue = sales price × number of unit. These are linear because of the assumptions of constant costs and prices, and there is no distinction between units produced and units sold, as these are assumed to be equal.
The cost breakdown analysis is even more effective when repeated constantly, so that changes in the respective shares in total costs of the various cost drivers can be tracked down. Over a five-year period, the share of expenses for tires might have risen from 5% to 8%, accompanied by a decrease of expenses for personnel from 35% to 32%, which ...