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Gonorrhoea or gonorrhea, colloquially known as the clap, [7] is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. [8] Infection may involve the genitals, mouth, or rectum. [9] Gonorrhea is spread through sexual contact with an infected person, [1] or from a mother to a child during birth. [1]
It causes the sexually transmitted genitourinary infection gonorrhea [6] as well as other forms of gonococcal disease including disseminated gonococcemia, septic arthritis, and gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. N. gonorrhoeae is oxidase positive and a microaerophile that is capable of surviving phagocytosis and growing inside neutrophils. [6]
This condition is more common in women, affecting approximately 2.3-3% of women with gonorrhea and 0.4-0.7% of men. [5] This discrepancy is explained by increased incidence of silent gonorrheal infections in females and an increased rate of transmission to females that have sexual intercourse with infected males. [ 6 ]
Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are common causes of PID. However, PID can also be caused by other untreated infections, like bacterial vaginosis. [18] Data suggest that PID is often polymicrobial. [15] Isolated anaerobes and facultative microorganisms have been obtained from the upper genital tract.
Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome occurs almost exclusively in women, though it can be seen in males rarely. [5] It is complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Chlamydia) or Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea) though other bacteria such as Bacteroides, Gardnerella, E. coli and Streptococcus have also been found to cause Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome on occasion. [6]
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The disease is classified as either gonococcal urethritis, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), most commonly caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, which is accounted for 20-50% of routinely tested cases. [8] [9] NGU, sometimes called nonspecific urethritis (NSU), has both infectious and noninfectious causes.
Symptoms in men include pain when urinating, and abnormal discharge from their penis. [61] If left untreated in both men and women, chlamydia can infect the urinary tract and potentially lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can cause serious problems during pregnancy and even has the potential to cause infertility.