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Since the value of the firm depends neither on its dividend policy nor its decision to raise capital by issuing shares or selling debt, the Modigliani–Miller theorem is often called the capital structure irrelevance principle. The key Modigliani–Miller theorem was developed for a world without taxes.
The Modigliani–Miller theorem states that dividend policy does not influence the value of the firm. [4] The theory, more generally, is framed in the context of capital structure, and states that — in the absence of taxes, bankruptcy costs, agency costs, and asymmetric information, and in an efficient market — the enterprise value of a firm is unaffected by how that firm is financed: i.e ...
If the stock does not currently pay a dividend, like many growth stocks, more general versions of the discounted dividend model must be used to value the stock. One common technique is to assume that the Modigliani–Miller hypothesis of dividend irrelevance is true, and therefore replace the stock's dividend D with E earnings per share ...
For other considerations, see dividend policy and Pecking order theory. A range of explanations is provided. [3] [2] The long term holders of these stocks are typically institutional investors. These (often) have a need for the liquidity provided by dividends; further, many, such as pension funds, are tax-exempt. (See Clientele effect.)
The equation is often wrongly thought to hold in general. However, there are several key assumptions behind the Hamada equation: [2] The Hamada formula is based on Modigliani and Miller’s formulation of the tax shield values for constant debt, i.e. when the dollar amount of debt is constant over time.
Merton Howard Miller (May 16, 1923 – June 3, 2000) was an American economist, and the co-author of the Modigliani–Miller theorem (1958), which proposed the irrelevance of debt-equity structure. He shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1990, along with Harry Markowitz and William F. Sharpe .
Discounted cash flow valuation was used in industry as early as the 1700s or 1800s; it was explicated by John Burr Williams in his The Theory of Investment Value in 1938; it was widely discussed in financial economics in the 1960s; and became widely used in U.S. courts in the 1980s and 1990s.
The Wallace neutrality [1] (also known as Wallace Irrelevance Proposition, [2] [3] Modigliani–Miller theorem for government finance [4]), is an economics proposition asserting that in certain environment, holding fiscal policy constant, alternative paths of the government financial policies have no effect on the sequences for the price level and for real allocations in the economy.