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A clean-up crew working to remove radioactive contamination after the Three Mile Island accident. Nuclear safety is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The achievement of proper operating conditions, prevention of accidents or mitigation of accident consequences, resulting in protection of workers, the public and the environment from undue radiation hazards".
Lyman publishes extensively in journals and magazines, and has advised Congress and other government groups on a variety of topics relating to nuclear power, nuclear weapons and safety. [4] He has recommended that the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) implement safety and security upgrades to prevent the possibility of terrorist attacks.
The Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes review articles about nuclear and particle science.As of 2024, Journal Citation Reports lists the journal's 2023 impact factor as 9.1, ranking it second of 22 journal titles in the category "Physics, Nuclear" and third of 30 journal titles in the category "Physics, Particles and Fields". [2]
Nuclear safety in the United States is governed by federal regulations issued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The NRC regulates all nuclear plants and materials in the United States except for nuclear plants and materials controlled by the U.S. government, as well those powering naval vessels.
Recent concerns have been expressed about the safety of nuclear reactors. In 2012, the Union of Concerned Scientists, which tracks ongoing safety issues at operating nuclear plants, found that "leakage of radioactive materials is a pervasive problem at almost 90 percent of all reactors, as are issues that pose a risk of nuclear accidents". [31]
Behavior of nuclear fuel during a reactor accident; Nuclear Information and Resource Service; Nuclear Installations Inspectorate; Nuclear island basemat; Nuclear law; Nuclear licensing; Nuclear risk during the Russian invasion of Ukraine; Nuclear safety in the United States; Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980
Globally, there have been at least 99 (civilian and military) recorded nuclear power plant accidents from 1952 to 2009 (defined as incidents that either resulted in the loss of human life or more than US$50,000 of property damage, the amount the US federal government uses to define nuclear energy accidents that must be reported), totaling US$20.5 billion in property damages.
NUREG-1150 "Severe Accident Risks: An Assessment for Five U.S. Nuclear Power Plants", published December 1990 by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is a follow-up to the WASH-1400 and CRAC-II safety studies that employs the methodology of plant-specific Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA).