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  2. Bioavailability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability

    The absolute bioavailability is the dose-corrected area under curve (AUC) non-intravenous divided by AUC intravenous. The formula for calculating the absolute bioavailability, F, of a drug administered orally (po) is given below (where D is dose administered).

  3. Equianalgesic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equianalgesic

    Simply switching the patient from 40 mg of morphine to 10 mg of levorphanol would be dangerous due to dose accumulation, and hence frequency of administration should also be taken into account. There are other concerns about equianalgesic charts. Many charts derive their data from studies conducted on opioid-naive patients.

  4. Hydromorphone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydromorphone

    Rapidly decreasing the dose may result in opioid withdrawal. [7] Generally, use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is not recommended. [11] Hydromorphone is believed to work by activating opioid receptors, mainly in the brain and spinal cord. [7] Hydromorphone 2 mg IV is equivalent to approximately 10 mg morphine IV. [9] Hydromorphone was ...

  5. Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_under_the_curve...

    Absolute bioavailability refers to the bioavailability of a drug when administered via an extravascular dosage form (i.e. oral tablet, suppository, subcutaneous, etc.) compared with the bioavailability of the same drug administered intravenously (IV). This is done by comparing the AUC of the non-intravenous dosage form with the AUC for the drug ...

  6. Route of administration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administration

    The term injection encompasses intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC) and intradermal (ID) administration. [35] Parenteral administration generally acts more rapidly than topical or enteral administration, with onset of action often occurring in 15–30 seconds for IV, 10–20 minutes for IM and 15–30 minutes for SC. [36]

  7. Ceiling effect (pharmacology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiling_effect_(pharmacology)

    Mixed agonist-antagonist opioids, such as nalbuphine, serve as a classic example of the ceiling effect; increasing the dose of a narcotic frequently leads to smaller and smaller gains in relief of pain. In many cases, the severity of side effects from a medication increases as the dose increases, long after its therapeutic ceiling has been reached.

  8. Pimobendan - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimobendan

    Pimobendan is indicated for the management of the signs of mild, moderate, or severe congestive heart failure in dogs due to clinical myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM); [1] [7] and for use with concurrent therapy for congestive heart failure (e.g.,furosemide, etc.) as appropriate on a case-by-case basis. [1]

  9. First pass effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_pass_effect

    First-pass metabolism may occur in the liver (for propranolol, lidocaine, clomethiazole, and nitroglycerin) or in the gut (for benzylpenicillin and insulin). [4] The four primary systems that affect the first pass effect of a drug are the enzymes of the gastrointestinal lumen, [5] gastrointestinal wall enzymes, [6] [7] [8] bacterial enzymes [5] and hepatic enzymes.