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  2. Equianalgesic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equianalgesic

    Simply switching the patient from 40 mg of morphine to 10 mg of levorphanol would be dangerous due to dose accumulation, and hence frequency of administration should also be taken into account. There are other concerns about equianalgesic charts. Many charts derive their data from studies conducted on opioid-naive patients.

  3. Bioavailability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability

    Therefore, a drug given by the intravenous route will have an absolute bioavailability of 100% (f = 1), whereas drugs given by other routes usually have an absolute bioavailability of less than one. If we compare the two different dosage forms having same active ingredients and compare the two drug bioavailability is called comparative ...

  4. Route of administration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administration

    However, recent research found various ways to improve oral bioavailability of these drugs. In particular permeation enhancers, [27] ionic liquids, [28] lipid-based nanocarriers, [29] enzyme inhibitors and microneedles [30] have shown potential. Oral administration is often denoted "PO" from "per os", the Latin for "by mouth".

  5. Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_under_the_curve...

    Absolute bioavailability refers to the bioavailability of a drug when administered via an extravascular dosage form (i.e. oral tablet, suppository, subcutaneous, etc.) compared with the bioavailability of the same drug administered intravenously (IV). This is done by comparing the AUC of the non-intravenous dosage form with the AUC for the drug ...

  6. Hydromorphone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydromorphone

    Hydromorphone is a rapid-acting painkiller; however, some formulations may last up to several hours. Patients who stop taking this drug abruptly may experience withdrawal symptoms, [28] [30] which may start within hours of taking the last dose of hydromorphone, and last up to several weeks. [26]

  7. First pass effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_pass_effect

    First-pass metabolism may occur in the liver (for propranolol, lidocaine, clomethiazole, and nitroglycerin) or in the gut (for benzylpenicillin and insulin). [4] The four primary systems that affect the first pass effect of a drug are the enzymes of the gastrointestinal lumen, [5] gastrointestinal wall enzymes, [6] [7] [8] bacterial enzymes [5] and hepatic enzymes.

  8. Oral administration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_administration

    Oral (PO), swallowed tablet, capsule or liquid; Enteral medications come in various forms, including [3] oral solid dosage (OSD) forms: [4] Tablets to swallow, chew or dissolve in water or under the tongue; Capsules and chewable capsules (with a coating that dissolves in the stomach or bowel to release the medication there)

  9. Sublingual administration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublingual_administration

    Furthermore, after absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, such drugs must pass to the liver, where they may be extensively altered; this is known as the first pass effect of drug metabolism. Due to the digestive activity of the stomach and intestines, the oral route is unsuitable for certain substances, such as salvinorin A .