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  2. Free-energy perturbation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-energy_perturbation

    The difference between states A and B may be in the atom types involved, in which case the ΔF obtained is for "mutating" one molecule onto another, or it may be a difference of geometry, in which case one obtains a free-energy map along one or more reaction coordinates. This free-energy map is also known as a potential of mean force (PMF).

  3. Cooling load temperature difference calculation method

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_load_temperature...

    The first of the cooling load factors used in this method is the CLTD, or the Cooling Load Temperature Difference. This factor is used to represent the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air with the inclusion of the heating effects of solar radiation. [1] [5] The second factor is the CLF, or the cooling load factor.

  4. Difference engine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_engine

    A difference engine is an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. It was designed in the 1820s, and was first created by Charles Babbage . The name difference engine is derived from the method of finite differences , a way to interpolate or tabulate functions by using a small set of polynomial co-efficients.

  5. Gibbs free energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy

    In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (or Gibbs energy as the recommended name; symbol ) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum amount of work, other than pressure–volume work, that may be performed by a thermodynamically closed system at constant temperature and pressure.

  6. Free-space path loss - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_path_loss

    In telecommunications, the free-space path loss (FSPL) (also known as free-space loss, FSL) is the attenuation of radio energy between the feedpoints of two antennas that results from the combination of the receiving antenna's capture area plus the obstacle-free, line-of-sight (LoS) path through free space (usually air). [1]

  7. CALPHAD - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CALPHAD

    As there are at present many different kinds of models used for different kinds of phases there are several thermodynamic databases available, either free or commercially, for different materials like steels, super-alloys, semiconductor materials, aqueous solutions, slags, etc. There are also several different kinds of software available using ...

  8. Divided differences - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_differences

    In mathematics, divided differences is an algorithm, historically used for computing tables of logarithms and trigonometric functions. [citation needed] Charles Babbage's difference engine, an early mechanical calculator, was designed to use this algorithm in its operation.

  9. Optical path length - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_path_length

    The optical path difference between the paths taken by two identical waves can then be used to find the phase change. Finally, using the phase change, the interference between the two waves can be calculated. Fermat's principle states that the path light takes between two points is the path that has the minimum optical path length.