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  2. PDF - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF

    Technically speaking, tagged PDF is a stylized use of the format that builds on the logical structure framework introduced in PDF 1.3. Tagged PDF defines a set of standard structure types and attributes that allow page content (text, graphics, and images) to be extracted and reused for other purposes.

  3. Chomsky hierarchy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy

    The Chomsky hierarchy in the fields of formal language theory, computer science, and linguistics, is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars. A formal grammar describes how to form strings from a language's vocabulary (or alphabet) that are valid according to the language's syntax. The linguist Noam Chomsky theorized that four ...

  4. Formalism (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)

    Formalism (linguistics) A generative parse tree: the sentence is divided into a noun phrase (subject), and a verb phrase which includes the object. This is in contrast to structural and functional grammar which considers the subject and object as equal constituents. [1] [2] Part of a series on.

  5. Linguistics of Noam Chomsky - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics_of_Noam_Chomsky

    Chomsky's theory posits that language consists of both deep structures and surface structures: Outward-facing surface structures relate phonetic rules into sound, while inward-facing deep structures relate words and conceptual meaning. Transformational-generative grammar uses mathematical notation to express the rules that govern the connection ...

  6. Markup language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language

    The markup can be converted programmatically for display into, for example, HTML, PDF or Rich Text Format. A markup language is a text-encoding system which specifies the structure and formatting of a document and potentially the relationships among its parts. [1] Markup can control the display of a document or enrich its content to facilitate ...

  7. Formal language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language

    t. e. Structure of the syntactically well-formed, although thoroughly nonsensical, English sentence, "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" (historical example from Chomsky 1957) In logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language consists of words whose letters are taken from an alphabet and are well-formed according ...

  8. English grammar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar

    English grammar is the set of structural rules of the English language.This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and whole texts.. This article describes a generalized, present-day Standard English – a form of speech and writing used in public discourse, including broadcasting, education, entertainment, government, and news, over a range of registers, from formal to ...

  9. X-bar theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-bar_theory

    In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation [1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970 [2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951 [3]), and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974, [4] 1977a, [5] 1977b [6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.