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The dimension of this vector space, if it exists, [a] is called the degree of the extension. For example, the complex numbers C form a two-dimensional vector space over the real numbers R. Likewise, the real numbers R form a vector space over the rational numbers Q which has (uncountably) infinite dimension, if a Hamel basis exists. [b]
An equivalent definition of a vector space can be given, which is much more concise but less elementary: the first four axioms (related to vector addition) say that a vector space is an abelian group under addition, and the four remaining axioms (related to the scalar multiplication) say that this operation defines a ring homomorphism from the ...
Normed vector space, a vector space on which a norm is defined; Hilbert space; Ordered vector space, a vector space equipped with a partial order; Super vector space, name for a Z 2-graded vector space; Symplectic vector space, a vector space V equipped with a non-degenerate, skew-symmetric, bilinear form
The first modern and more precise definition of a vector space was introduced by Peano in 1888; [5] by 1900, a theory of linear transformations of finite-dimensional vector spaces had emerged. Linear algebra took its modern form in the first half of the twentieth century when many ideas and methods of previous centuries were generalized as ...
The components of a vector are often represented arranged in a column. By contrast, a covector has components that transform like the reference axes. It lives in the dual vector space, and represents a linear map from vectors to scalars. The dot product operator involving vectors is a good example of a covector.
The collection of convex subsets of a vector space, an affine space, or a Euclidean space has the following properties: [9] [10] The empty set and the whole space are convex. The intersection of any collection of convex sets is convex. The union of a collection of convex sets is convex if those sets form a chain (a totally ordered set) under ...
If V is a vector space over a field K, a subset W of V is a linear subspace of V if it is a vector space over K for the operations of V.Equivalently, a linear subspace of V is a nonempty subset W such that, whenever w 1, w 2 are elements of W and α, β are elements of K, it follows that αw 1 + βw 2 is in W.
In mathematics, a Riesz space, lattice-ordered vector space or vector lattice is a partially ordered vector space where the order structure is a lattice. Riesz spaces are named after Frigyes Riesz who first defined them in his 1928 paper Sur la décomposition des opérations fonctionelles linéaires. Riesz spaces have wide-ranging applications.