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TPP occurs predominantly in males of Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Filipino, and Korean descent, [1] as well as Thais, [3] with much lower rates in people of other ethnicities. [1] In Chinese and Japanese people with hyperthyroidism, 1.8–1.9% experience TPP. This is in contrast to North America, where studies report a rate of 0.1–0.2%.
Beta blockers are often used to reduce the effects of thyroid hormone. [5] Patients often require admission to the intensive care unit. [6] As a life-threatening medical emergency, thyroid storm has a mortality rate of up to 25% despite treatment. [1] [7] Without treatment, the condition is typically fatal, with a mortality rate of 80-100%. [8]
Acute massive overdose may be life-threatening; treatment should be symptomatic and supportive. Massive overdose can be associated with increased sympathetic activity, thus may require treatment with beta-blockers. [21] The effects of overdosing appear 6 hours to 11 days after ingestion. [29]
This may be used in those with very large thyroids or when cancer is a concern. [1] In the United States hyperthyroidism affects about 1.2% of the population. [3] Worldwide, hyperthyroidism affects 2.5% of adults. [8] It occurs between two and ten times more often in women. [1] Onset is commonly between 20 and 50 years of age. [2]
Subacute or De Quervain thyroiditis is an unusual diagnosis, occurring in 12.1 out of 100,000 people annually. [31] Children are rarely affected by the De Quervain thyroiditis. With a female-to-male ratio of 4–7:1, females are more likely to be impacted than males. [2]
Beta-blockers are used to alleviate the symptoms associated with TM. But beta-blockers do not reduce the damage done by excess thyroxine. Medications such as propylthiouracil and methimazole are administered to block the release of thyroxine from the thyroid and to block the damage thyroxine inflicts on muscle fiber tissue. [citation needed]
Thyrotoxicosis factitia (alimentary thyrotoxicosis, exogenous thyrotoxicosis) [1] [2] is a condition of thyrotoxicosis caused by the ingestion [3] of exogenous thyroid hormone. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It can be the result of mistaken ingestion of excess drugs, such as levothyroxine [ 6 ] and triiodothyronine , [ 7 ] or as a symptom of Munchausen syndrome .
Propylthiouracil (PTU) is a medication used to treat hyperthyroidism. [3] This includes hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease and toxic multinodular goiter. [3] In a thyrotoxic crisis it is generally more effective than methimazole. [3] Otherwise it is typically only used when methimazole, surgery, and radioactive iodine is not possible. [3]