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The power is equal to the drag force times velocity. For aircraft in cruise flight the lift is equal to the weight (L=mg) and the engine thrust is equal to the drag (T=D). Hence, ϵ = P / ( m g v ) = D / L = 1 / f {\displaystyle \epsilon =P/(mgv)=D/L=1/f} , with f=L/D the lift-to-drag ratio , so the specific resistance of airplanes is roughly ...
Most importantly, the maximum lift-to-drag ratio is independent of the weight of the aircraft, the area of the wing, or the wing loading. It can be shown that two main drivers of maximum lift-to-drag ratio for a fixed wing aircraft are wingspan and total wetted area. One method for estimating the zero-lift drag coefficient of an aircraft is the ...
Drag and lift coefficients for the NACA 63 3 618 airfoil. Full curves are lift, dashed drag; red curves have R e = 3·10 6, blue 9·10 6. Coefficients of lift and drag against angle of attack. Curve showing induced drag, parasitic drag and total drag as a function of airspeed. Drag curve for the NACA 63 3 618 airfoil, colour-coded as opposite plot.
In 1974, a NASA-funded study prompted by Kline and Fogelman's claims and the resulting national coverage found the airfoil to have worse lift-to-drag ratio than a flat plate airfoil in wind tunnel tests. [4] In the 1990s, after the original patents expired, researchers returned to the topic of stepped wings.
The logarithmic term with weight ratios is replaced by the direct ratio between / = where is the energy per mass of the battery (e.g. 150-200 Wh/kg for Li-ion batteries), the total efficiency (typically 0.7-0.8 for batteries, motor, gearbox and propeller), / lift over drag (typically around 18), and the weight ratio / typically around 0.3.
L/DMAX occurs at minimum Total Drag (e.g. Parasite plus Induced) Coefficients of Drag and Lift vs Angle of Attack. Stall speed corresponds to the Angle of Attack at the Maximum Coefficient of Lift. The lift-to-drag ratio, or L/D ratio, is the amount of lift generated by a wing or vehicle, divided by the drag it creates by moving through the air ...