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Metallic systems corrode and impart metallic ions. Stainless steel, for example, can slough off molecules into the steam path. Limiting or eliminating metals from the water, gas and steam delivery paths reduce the risk of metallic contamination but do not affect the presence of metals in the source water and gas.
The steam reaching the turbines need to be ultra-pure and hence needs to be monitored for its quality. A well designed Steam and Water Analysis system (SWAS) can help in monitoring the critical parameters in the steam. These parameters include pH, conductivity, silica, sodium, dissolved oxygen, phosphate and chlorides. A well designed SWAS must ...
Expansion joints on a steam line that have been destroyed by steam hammer. Steam hammer can occur in steam systems when some of the steam condenses into water in a horizontal section of the piping. The steam forcing the liquid water along the pipe forms a "slug" which impacts a valve of pipe fitting, creating a loud hammering noise and high ...
District heating or teleheating systems consist of a network of insulated feed and return pipes which transport heated water, pressurized hot water, or sometimes steam to the customer. While steam is hottest and may be used in industrial processes due to its higher temperature, it is less efficient to produce and transport due to greater heat ...
In the steam-iron process the iron oxidizes and has to be replaced with fresh metal, in the Lane hydrogen producer the iron is reduced with water gas back to its metallic condition, after which the process restarts. The chemical reactions are [3] 3Fe+ 4H 2 O → Fe 3 O 4 + 4H 2 Fe 3 O 4 + 4CO → 3Fe + 4CO 2. The net chemical reaction is: CO ...
Outside of the US, the ductile iron pipe industry is supported by associations including the European Association for Ductile Iron Pipe Systems. [ 25 ] Following the financial crisis of 2008, the pipe industry as a whole, experienced a decrease in sales in the US due to municipalities deferring replacement of water mains and reduction in new ...
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Process piping and power piping are typically checked by pipe stress engineers to verify that the routing, nozzle loads, hangers, and supports are properly placed and selected such that allowable pipe stress is not exceeded under different loads such as sustained loads, operating loads, pressure testing loads, etc., as stipulated by the ASME B31, EN 13480, GOST 32388, RD 10-249 or any other ...