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  2. Reactions of organocopper reagents - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_of_organocopper...

    [10] Without added salt the main products are alcohol B (42%) from nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group and diene C (48%) as its dehydration reaction product. With added salt the main product is 1,4-adduct A (82%) with some C (7%). A 1,6-addition is also possible, for example in one step of the commercial-scale production of fulvestrant ...

  3. Reactivity series - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactivity_series

    2 Na (s) + 2 H 2 O (l) →2 NaOH (aq) + H 2 (g) Metals in the middle of the reactivity series, such as iron, will react with acids such as sulfuric acid (but not water at normal temperatures) to give hydrogen and a metal salt, such as iron(II) sulfate: Fe (s) + H 2 SO 4 (l) → FeSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) There is some ambiguity at the borderlines ...

  4. Mass concentration (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_concentration_(chemistry)

    In chemistry, the mass concentration ρ i (or γ i) is defined as the mass of a constituent m i divided by the volume of the mixture V. [1]= For a pure chemical the mass concentration equals its density (mass divided by volume); thus the mass concentration of a component in a mixture can be called the density of a component in a mixture.

  5. Activated complex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_complex

    The activated complex is an arrangement of atoms in an arbitrary region near the saddle point of a potential energy surface. [1] The region represents not one defined state, but a range of unstable configurations that a collection of atoms pass through between the reactants and products of a reaction.

  6. Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahn–Ingold–Prelog...

    Compare the atomic number (Z) of the atoms directly attached to the stereocenter; the group having the atom of higher atomic number Z receives higher priority (i.e. number 1). If there is a tie, the atoms at distance 2 from the stereocenter have to be considered: a list is made for each group of further atoms bonded to the one directly attached ...

  7. Bent's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent's_rule

    In chemistry, Bent's rule describes and explains the relationship between the orbital hybridization and the electronegativities of substituents. [1] [2] The rule was stated by Henry A. Bent as follows: [2] Atomic s character concentrates in orbitals directed toward electropositive substituents.

  8. Chemical potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_potential

    [1] [2] At chemical equilibrium or in phase equilibrium, the total sum of the product of chemical potentials and stoichiometric coefficients is zero, as the free energy is at a minimum. [3] [4] [5] In a system in diffusion equilibrium, the chemical potential of any chemical species is uniformly the same everywhere throughout the system. [6]

  9. Reaction progress kinetic analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_progress_kinetic...

    Consider the simple example where the catalyst associates with substrate A, followed by reaction with B to form product, P and free catalyst. Regardless of the approximation applied, multiple independent parameters (k 1, k −1, and k 2 in the case of steady-state; k 2 and K 1 in the case of pre-equilibrium) are required to define the system ...