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A commonly used classification system of germinal matrix hemorrhage is the sonographic grading system proposed by Papile: [3] [citation needed] grade I - hemorrhage is confined to the germinal matrix. grade II - intraventricular hemorrhage without ventricular dilatation; grade III - intraventricular hemorrhage with ventricular dilatation
The germinal matrix is the source of both neurons and glial cells and is most active between 8 and 28 weeks gestation. It is a fragile portion of the brain that may be damaged leading to a germinal matrix hemorrhage (grade 1 intraventricular hemorrhage). Location/anatomy: The germinal matrix is next to the lateral ventricles (the "inside" of ...
In infants, germinal matrix hemorrhage is associated with cerebral palsy, problems with cognition, and hydrocephalus. [7] With improved technological advances in science and medicine, survival for preterm infants with this type of neurological disorder has improved and less preterm infants with germinal matrix hemorrhage have severe cerebral ...
The preliminary diagnosis of PVL is often made using imaging technologies. In most hospitals, premature infants are examined with ultrasound soon after birth to check for brain damage. Severe white matter injury can be seen with a head ultrasound; however, the low sensitivity of this technology allows for some white matter damage to be missed.
The other form is intraventricular hemorrhage). [1] Intraparenchymal hemorrhage accounts for approximately 8-13% of all strokes and results from a wide spectrum of disorders. It is more likely to result in death or major disability than ischemic stroke or subarachnoid hemorrhage, and therefore constitutes an immediate medical emergency.
Anti-D immune globulin is usually recommended in those who are Rh-negative. [4] Occasionally, surgery is required. [1] About 30% of women have bleeding in the first trimester (0 to 14 weeks gestational age). [1] [5] Bleeding in the second trimester (12 to 24 weeks gestational age) is less common. [6]
The goal of both IVIG and platelet transfusion is to avoid hemorrhage. Ultrasound monitoring to detect hemorrhage in the fetus is not recommended as detection of intracranial hemorrhage generally indicates permanent brain damage (there is no intervention that can be performed to reverse the damage once it has occurred). [citation needed]
Head imaging, using either CT or MRI, can be useful for differentiating subgaleal hemorrhage from other sources of cranial bleeding. Head ultrasound is useful for the diagnosis of SGH in the hands of an operator experienced in imaging the neonatal head and scalp, and is preferable to CT due to lack of ionizing radiation.