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Jef Raskin advocated designing devices in ways that prevent erroneous actions. [5] Don Norman suggests changing the common technical attitude towards user error: Don't think of the user as making errors; think of the actions as approximations of what is desired. [6]
A digital pen is an input device which captures the handwriting or brush strokes of a user, converts handwritten analog information created using "pen and paper" into digital data, enabling the data to be utilized in various applications. For example, the writing data can be digitized and uploaded to a computer and displayed on its monitor.
Pressing the Scroll Lock key in the Linux console while the text is scrolling through the screen freezes the console output (but not input) during which no further text is sent to the screen, while the program continues running as usual, or become blocked at the write syscall when too much data prevented from reaching the terminal caused the tty's output queue to become full and the tty file ...
MEMS sensors (among other devices) used in a mobile device. A sensor is an input device which produces data based on physical properties. [4] Sensors are commonly found in mobile devices to detect their physical orientation and acceleration, but may also be found in desktop computers in the form of a thermometer used to monitor system temperature.
Device drivers are software specific to each input/output (I/O) device that enables the operating system to work without modification over different hardware. [102] [103] Another component of file systems is a dictionary that maps a file's name and metadata to the data block where its contents are stored. [104]
Eventually, in the worst case, too much of the available memory may become allocated and all or part of the system or device stops working correctly, the application fails, or the system slows down vastly due to thrashing. Memory leaks may not be serious or even detectable by normal means.
To remedy input kludges, one may use input validation algorithms to handle user input. A monkey test can be used to detect an input kludge problem. A common first test to discover this problem is to roll one's hand across the computer keyboard or to 'mash' the keyboard to produce a large junk input, but such an action often lacks reproducibility.
If the cache is not flushed to the memory before the next time a device tries to access X, the device will receive a stale value of X. Similarly, if the cached copy of X is not invalidated when a device writes a new value to the memory, then the CPU will operate on a stale value of X.