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Sanitary manholes should be constructed at locations where there is a change from a simple straight sewer line. These include all junctions that combine multiple lines into one or split from one, bends, changing in elevation, changing in pipe size, and changing in pipe type. [5]
In-line vent for under-cabinet waste plumbing. In-line vent (also known as an island fixture vent, and, colloquially, a "Chicago Loop", "Boston loop" or "Bow Vent") is an alternate method permissible in some jurisdictions of venting the trap installed on an under counter island sink or other similar applications where a conventional vertical ...
Crosses, also known as four-way fittings or cross branch lines, have one inlet and three outlets (or vice versa), and often have a solvent-welded sockets or female-threaded ends. Cross fittings may stress pipes as temperatures change because they are at the center of four connection points.
In addition, because of the vast reduction in solid waste, a pumping system, rather than a gravity system, can be used to move the wastewater. The pipes have small diameters, typically 1.5 to 4 inches (4 to 10 cm). Because the waste stream is pressurized, they can be laid just below the ground surface along the land's contour. [citation needed]
Orangeburg was a low cost alternative to metal for sewer lines in particular. Lack of strength causes pipes made of Orangeburg to fail more frequently than pipes made with other materials. The useful life for an Orangeburg pipe is about 50 years under ideal conditions, but has been known to fail in as little as 10 years.
Waist-to-hip ratios Waist Vietnam. The waist is the part of the abdomen between the rib cage and hips.Normally, it is the narrowest part of the torso.. Waistline refers to the horizontal line where the waist is narrowest, or to the general appearance of the waist.
A corset diagram showing the lines of measurement for bust, waist, hip, and back underarm to waist. Bust/waist/hip measurements (informally called 'body measurements' or ′vital statistics′) are a common method of specifying clothing sizes. They match the three inflection points of the female body shape.
Water cannot flow from the sink to the tap in normal circumstances, even if the water supply loses pressure. An air gap, as related to the plumbing trade, is the unobstructed vertical space between the water outlet and the flood level of a fixture. [1]