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Up to 50% by volume and 70% by weight of human bone is a modified form of hydroxyapatite, known as bone mineral. [7] Carbonated calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite is the main mineral of which dental enamel and dentin are composed. Hydroxyapatite crystals are also found in pathological calcifications such as those found in breast tumors, [8] as ...
Microcrystalline hydroxyapatite and ossein-hydroxyapatite are forms of calcium phosphate used as a dietary supplement. [36] Bone meal as a calcium supplementation has largely been discontinued due to concerns of contamination with heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, mercury, and cadmium identified in the 1980s.
Calcium regulation in the human body. [6]The plasma ionized calcium concentration is regulated within narrow limits (1.3–1.5 mmol/L). This is achieved by both the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, and the parathyroid glands constantly sensing (i.e. measuring) the concentration of calcium ions in the blood flowing through them.
Long-term treatment with bisphosphonates produces anti-fracture and bone mineral density effects that persist for 3–5 years after an initial 3–5 years of treatment. [2] The bisphosphonate alendronate reduces the risk of hip, vertebral, and wrist fractures by 35-39%; zoledronate reduces the risk of hip fractures by 38% and of vertebral ...
Calcium is an essential element needed in large quantities. [8] [9] The Ca 2+ ion acts as an electrolyte and is vital to the health of the muscular, circulatory, and digestive systems; is indispensable to the building of bone in the form of hydroxyapatite; and supports synthesis and function of blood
Hydroxyapatite-coated bone implants often perform better as those not coated with this material. For instance, in patients with fatty liver disease hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants perform better as those not-coated with this material [2]. The mineralized skeleton is the main support for the bodies of air breathing vertebrates.
Bone Mineral Density (BMD) tends to peak at a young age. When children are younger, they start building up their BMD through their nutrition and through exercise. BMD peaks at around 12.5 years old for girls and around 14 years old for boys. [23] It could be caused by a deficiency in calcium or Vitamin D. Calcium is the main nutrient for bone ...
Bone as a material is very complex because of its hierarchal structure in which characteristics vary across length scales. [94] [95] At the basic scale, bone is composed of an organic matrix of collagen type-I. [94] Collagen type-I molecules form a composite material with hydroxyapatite to make up collagen fibrils. [95]
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