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Gas in the bladder wall will often have the appearance of cobblestone or a “beaded necklace” with the use of conventional radiography. [7] Delayed diagnosis can lead to a severe infection, extension of the uterus, rupturing of the bladder, and death. Emphysematous cystitis has an overall mortality rate of 7%.
Abdominal ultrasound is of some benefit, but not diagnostic. Features that suggest posterior urethral valves are bilateral hydronephrosis, a thickened bladder wall with thickened smooth muscle trabeculations, and bladder diverticula. [citation needed] Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) is more specific for the diagnosis.
Trabeculated bladder on ultrasound indicates high risk of developing urinary tract abnormalities such as hydronephrosis and stones. [10] A voiding cystourethrography study uses contrast dye to obtain images of the bladder both when it is full and after urination which can show changes in bladder shape consistent with neurogenic bladder. [9]
Ultrasound involves a probe that is placed near a structure and uses the transmission of ultrasound waves through a structure to produce images, after computer processing. [1] Ultrasound of the urinary tract is performed by a probe placed on the abdominal wall, called a transducer. [1] This occurs while a person is lying down. [1]
It can detect lesions in the bladder that are large enough to be seen, gauge the thickness of the bladder wall, and look for additional lesions that might be the source of hematuria. Cystitis cystica can show up on a CT urogram as a number of small, rounded filling defects in the bladder wall that range in size from 2 to 5 mm. Lesions can also ...
The detrusor muscle is able to change its length. It can also contract for a long time whilst voiding, and it stays relaxed whilst the bladder is filling. [9] The wall of the urinary bladder is normally 3–5 mm thick. [10] When well distended, the wall is normally less than 3 mm.
Common findings, determined by ultrasound of the bladder, include a slow rate of flow, intermittent flow, and a large amount of urine retained in the bladder after urination. A normal test result should be 20–25 ml/s peak flow rate. A post-void residual urine greater than 50 ml is a significant amount of urine and increases the potential for ...
Ultrasound findings may show thickened gall bladder wall, tiny anechoic spaces (Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses or RAS), and twinkling artifact (or comet-tail reverberation). Comet tail reverberation, which is due to reflections from cholesterol crystals, is a highly specific sign for adenomyomatosis.