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Lysis (/ ˈ l aɪ s ɪ s / LY-sis; from Greek λῠ́σῐς lýsis 'loosening') is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic" / ˈ l ɪ t ɪ k / LIT-ik) mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a lysate.
Sonoporation, or cellular sonication, is the use of sound in the ultrasonic range for increasing the permeability of the cell plasma membrane. This technique is usually used in molecular biology and non-viral gene therapy in order to allow uptake of large molecules such as DNA into the cell, in a cell disruption process called transfection or ...
Sonication is the act of applying sound energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes such as the extraction of multiple compounds from plants, microalgae and seaweeds. [1] Ultrasonic frequencies (> 20 kHz) are usually used, leading to the process also being known as ultrasonication or ultra-sonication .
It has since been used in other applications such as cell disruption nanoemulsions, and solid particle size reduction, among others. By using microchannels with fixed geometry, and an intensifier pump, high shear rates are generated that rupture the cells. This method of cell lysis can yield breakage of over 90% of E. coli cells. [9]
Sonication is often employed to provide local mixing of streams through the generation of ultra-high energy acoustics. [26] Microfluidic chips utilizing sonication mixing can have both integrated and externally located ultrasonic transducers. [27] Sonication is also used widely for cell lysis and homogenization in both macro and microfluidic ...
The Dounce homogenizers, devices used for mechanical lysis of tissue or cells, were invented by and named after Alexander Dounce. Invented by and named for Alexander Dounce [1] [2], a Dounce homogenizer or "Douncer", is a cylindrical glass tube, closed at one end, with two glass pestles of carefully specified outer diameters, intended for the gentle homogenization of eukaryotic cells (e.g ...
Attacked cells therefore expand to lysis. [19] When target cell membranes are destructed, bacteria which produce the cytolysins can consume the intracellular elements of the cell, such as iron and cytokines. [8] Some enzymes that decompose target-cells' critical structures can enter the cells without obstructions.
Karyolysis (from Greek κάρυον karyon—kernel, seed, or nucleus), and λύσις lysis from λύειν lyein, "to separate") is the complete dissolution of the chromatin of a dying cell due to the enzymatic degradation by endonucleases. The whole cell will eventually stain uniformly with eosin after karyolysis.