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In elementary algebra, parentheses ( ) are used to specify the order of operations. [1] Terms inside the bracket are evaluated first; hence 2×(3 + 4) is 14, 20 ÷ (5(1 + 1)) is 2 and (2×3) + 4 is 10. This notation is extended to cover more general algebra involving variables: for example (x + y) × (x − y). Square brackets are also often ...
Parentheses have historically been used where the em dash is currently used in alternatives, such as "parenthesis)(parentheses". Examples of this usage can be seen in editions of Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Parentheses may be nested (generally with one set (such as this) inside another set).
For example, in the expression 3(x+y) the parentheses are symbols of grouping, but in the expression (3, 5) the parentheses may indicate an open interval. The most common symbols of grouping are the parentheses and the square brackets, and the latter are usually used to avoid too many repeated parentheses.
Parentheses can be nested, and should be evaluated from the inside outward. For legibility, outer parentheses can be made larger than inner parentheses. Alternately, other grouping symbols, such as curly braces { } or square brackets [ ], are sometimes used along with parentheses ( ). For example:
Order of operations, uses multiple types of brackets; Set, uses braces "{}" Interval, uses square brackets and parentheses; Matrix, uses square brackets and parentheses; Inner product space, uses parentheses and chevrons
Manicule, Obelus (medieval usage) · Interpunct: Full-stop, Period, Decimal separator, Dot operator ‽ Interrobang (combined 'Question mark' and 'Exclamation mark') Inverted question and exclamation marks ¡ Inverted exclamation mark: Exclamation mark, Interrobang ¿ Inverted question mark: Question mark, Interrobang < Less-than sign: Angle ...
See § Brackets for examples of use. Most symbols have two printed versions. They can be displayed as Unicode characters, or in LaTeX format. With the Unicode version, using search engines and copy-pasting are easier. On the other hand, the LaTeX rendering is often much better (more aesthetic), and is generally considered a standard in mathematics.
English-language style and usage guides originating in the news industry of the twentieth century, such as the AP Stylebook, recommend against the use of square brackets for parenthesis and other purposes, because "They cannot be transmitted over news wires." [2] Usage of parentheses goes back (at least) to the 15th century in English legal ...