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In 1947, Congress consolidated Army and Navy officer management legislation into the Officer Personnel Act (OPA). With the encouragement of the Army (notably by General Dwight Eisenhower ), the OPA extended the "up or out" system across the military and required officers to go before promotion boards at set times based on cohorts, normally ...
The Officer Personnel Act of 1947 gave the Army its first up-or-out promotion system, eliminating officers after a maximum number of years in each grade. Before 1947, Army officers were promoted by seniority up to the grade of colonel, with a mandatory retirement age of 60 for colonels, 62 for brigadier generals, and 64 for major generals.
DOPMA standardized four-star appointments across all services, replacing the previous service-specific mechanisms. Under the Officer Personnel Act, four-star officers held that grade ex officio while serving in a position of importance and responsibility designated to carry that grade, and upon vacating that position reverted to two-star major general or rear admiral, the highest permanent ...
Starting in 1981, four-star officers were appointed under the unified officer promotion framework established by the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act (DOPMA) of 1980. An officer could be promoted to a maximum active-duty grade of major general or rear admiral, a rank-in-person that was carried to any
Admirals Ernest J. King, William D. Leahy, and General George C. Marshall at the White House, 1942.. From 1899, when the Navy's Civil War-era four-star grade was recreated after the Spanish-American War, through 1947, when the Officer Personnel Act defined the post-World War II military establishment, four-star grades evolved along two parallel tracks, one decorative and one functional.
The Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 establishes rules for the timing of promotions and limits the number of officers that can serve at any given time. [170] Army regulations call for addressing all personnel with the rank of general as "General (last name)" regardless of the number of stars.
Three Army Reserve officers were disciplined for dereliction of duty in the aftermath of a rampage in which a reservist killed 18 people in Maine, according to an Army report that cited ...
The Army Publishing Directorate (APD) supports readiness as the Army's centralized publications and forms management organization. APD authenticates, publishes, indexes, and manages Department of the Army publications and forms to ensure that Army policy is current and can be developed or revised quickly.