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  2. Underground mine ventilation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_mine_ventilation

    Underground mine ventilation provides a flow of air to the underground workers of a mine with sufficient volume to dilute and remove dust and noxious gases (typically NO x, SO 2, methane, CO 2 and CO) and to regulate temperature. The source of these gases are equipment that runs on diesel engines, blasting with explosives, [1] and the orebody ...

  3. Calcination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcination

    At room temperature, tin is quite resistant to the impact of air or water, as a thin oxide film forms on the surface of the metal. In air, tin starts to oxidize at a temperature of over 150 °C: Sn + O 2 → SnO 2. [6] Antoine Lavoisier explored this experiment with similar results time later. [7]

  4. Mine rescue chamber - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_Rescue_Chamber

    The sealed area has a closed circuit breathing apparatus; where carbon dioxide and other toxins are removed, oxygen is added, and temperature and humidity are maintained, all while protecting occupants from the external threat. [3] The capacity and duration can vary depending on the chamber build. Communication equipment is also available.

  5. Thermite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermite

    Although the reactants are stable at room temperature, they burn with an extremely intense exothermic reaction when they are heated to ignition temperature. The products emerge as liquids due to the high temperatures reached (up to 2500 °C (4532°F) with iron(III) oxide)—although the actual temperature reached depends on how quickly heat can ...

  6. Blast furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace

    Depending on the temperature in the different parts of the furnace (warmest at the bottom) the iron is reduced in several steps. At the top, where the temperature usually is in the range between 200 °C and 700 °C, the iron oxide is partially reduced to iron(II,III) oxide, Fe 3 O 4. 3 Fe 2 O 3(s) + CO (g) → 2 Fe 3 O 4(s) + CO 2(g) [9]

  7. Carbon dioxide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide

    At a pressure of 1 atm (0.101325 MPa), the gas deposits directly to a solid at temperatures below 194.6855(30) K [2] (−78.4645(30) °C) and the solid sublimes directly to a gas above this temperature. In its solid state, carbon dioxide is commonly called dry ice. Pressure–temperature phase diagram of carbon dioxide. Note that it is a log ...

  8. Smelting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting

    The required temperature varies both in absolute terms and in terms of the melting point of the base metal. Examples: Iron oxide becomes metallic iron at roughly 1250 °C (2282 °F or 1523 K), almost 300 degrees below iron's melting point of 1538 °C (2800 °F or 1811 K).

  9. Passivation (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)

    The passivation layer of oxide markedly slows further oxidation and corrosion in room-temperature air for aluminium, beryllium, chromium, zinc, titanium, and silicon (a metalloid). The inert surface layer formed by reaction with air has a thickness of about 1.5 nm for silicon, 1–10 nm for beryllium , and 1 nm initially for titanium , growing ...